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Solidity is the primary language for Ethereum smart contracts. Contracts are similar to classes with state variables and functions. State variables persist on blockchain permanently. Functions execute logic and can modify state. Modifiers add reusable access control conditions. Events provide logging mechanism for off-chain applications. Mappings are key-value stores for efficient data lookup. Structs define custom data types. Enums represent discrete state choices. Inheritance enables contract composition and code reuse. Libraries provide reusable code without state. Interfaces define contract interaction standards like ERC-20. msg.sender identifies transaction initiator. require() validates conditions and reverts on failure. assert() checks internal errors. revert() aborts execution with error message. Payable functions accept Ether transfers. Gas optimization transaction costs. Storage variables are expensive; use memory variables when possible. OpenZeppelin provides audited contract templates. Remix IDE simplifies Solidity development and testing. Security vulnerabilities including reentrancy require careful attention. Solid understanding of Ethereum fundamentals is essential.